{"id":7971,"date":"2018-06-03T17:58:56","date_gmt":"2018-06-03T17:58:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/?page_id=7971"},"modified":"2018-11-16T15:46:42","modified_gmt":"2018-11-16T15:46:42","slug":"enlace-covalente","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlace-covalente\/","title":{"rendered":"Covalent Bonding"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A\u00a0<b>covalent bond<\/b>\u00a0is a type of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlaces-quimicos\/\">chemical bonding<\/a> that occurs between 2 atoms when they share electrons in order to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/atomo\/numeros-de-oxidacion\/\">complete the last level<\/a>. To understand chemical bonds, it is necessary to know how the electrons are distributed around the atom or the octet rule. The octet rule determines that the ions of the chemical elements have the tendency to complete their last energy levels with a number of 8 electrons, so that they acquire a very stable configuration.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8340 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/enlaces-qu\u00edmicos-300x182.png\" alt=\"enlace covalente\" width=\"300\" height=\"182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/enlaces-qu\u00edmicos-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/enlaces-qu\u00edmicos.png 555w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COVALENT AND IONIC BONDING<\/h2>\n<p>When the difference in electronegativity between the atoms is not large enough to produce a\u00a0<a title=\"Ionic bonding\" href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlace-ionico\/\">ionic bond<\/a>. It is necessary that the difference in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlaces-quimicos\/#electronegatividad\">electronegativity<\/a> between atoms is <strong>less than 1.7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In a\u00a0<a title=\"Ionic bonding\" href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlace-ionico\/\">ionic bond<\/a>In a covalent bond, electrons are transferred between one atom and another. In covalent bonding, electrons are shared. The 2 atoms bond through their electrons in the last orbital.<\/p>\n<h2>EXAMPLES OF COVALENT BONDS<\/h2>\n<p>We can distinguish between 2 types of substances with covalent bonds, the polar, non-polar and reticular molecular covalent bond. The difference is that in the reticular bond, the substances form crystalline networks of an indefinite number of atoms, similar to ionic compounds, with much stronger intermolecular bonds than in the molecular covalent bond (see properties of both in the following section).<\/p>\n<h3>OXYGEN MOLECULE. NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND.<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/tabla-periodica\/oxigeno\/\">oxygen atoms<\/a>\u00a0are bonded together through a covalent bond to give an oxygen molecule, O2. Two of the last shell electrons are shared so that both have the full last shell, according to the following distribution:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8352 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/enlace-covalente-oxigeno-300x190.jpg\" alt=\"enlace covalente oxigeno\" width=\"300\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/enlace-covalente-oxigeno-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/enlace-covalente-oxigeno.jpg 427w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Covalent bonds can be:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>simple: only 1 atom is shared, as in the case of hydrogen.<\/li>\n<li>double: 2 atoms are shared, as in the case of oxygen.<\/li>\n<li>triples: 2 atoms are shared, as in the case of nitrogen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The bond in the oxygen molecule is <strong>covalent non-polar<\/strong> because the electrons are shared equally between the two oxygen atoms as there is no difference in electronegativity between them....<\/p>\n<h3>WATER MOLECULE. POLAR COVALENT BOND<\/h3>\n<div class=\"paragraph\" data-perseus-paragraph-index=\"2\">\n<div class=\"paragraph\">The bond that occurs in the atoms of a water molecule, H2O, is a covalent bond, with each hydrogen and oxygen atom sharing electrons. As there is a difference in electronegativity between the hydrogen and oxygen atom, the bond will be polar. This means that the electrons are more attracted to the oxygen molecules, taking this geometric arrangement.<\/div>\n<div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8401 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/molecula-de-agua-289x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"289\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/molecula-de-agua-289x300.jpg 289w, https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/molecula-de-agua.jpg 378w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph\" data-perseus-paragraph-index=\"3\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"paragraph\" data-perseus-paragraph-index=\"3\">\n<p>In the water molecule the hydrogen will also have a slight positive charge because the other element pulls the bonding electrons more strongly. By having this slight positive charge, the hydrogen will be attracted to any negatively charged atoms. This type of bonding is called <strong>hydrogen bonding<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>QUARTZ. LATTICE COVALENT BOND<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8356 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/estructura-cristalina-del-cuarzo-300x274.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/estructura-cristalina-del-cuarzo-300x274.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/estructura-cristalina-del-cuarzo.jpg 332w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Quartz represents another type of <strong>covalent bond, in this case reticular<\/strong>. Quartz, with the formula SiO2, has the characteristics of covalent substances, but is hard and has a high melting point. In this case, there are no individual molecules as in the case of the oxygen molecule or iodine, but three-dimensional structures of atoms linked by covalent bonds. Some compounds, such as\u00a0<strong>silicon dioxide (quartz)<\/strong>of formula SiO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p>In quartz, each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms, forming an infinite three-dimensional lattice. To break the crystals, many covalent bonds have to be broken, hence their hardness and high melting and boiling points.<\/p>\n<h2>PROPERTIES OF COVALENT SUBSTANCES<\/h2>\n<p><b>Molecular covalent substances: <\/b>Examples: oxygen, iodine. The properties of molecular covalent bonds are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Low melting and boiling temperatures.<\/li>\n<li>They occur as a solid, liquid or gas under normal conditions of pressure and temperature (approx. 25 \u00b0C).<\/li>\n<li>They are soft in solid state.<\/li>\n<li>They are insulators of electric current and heat.<\/li>\n<li>Solubility: polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents and non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents (like dissolves like).<\/li>\n<li>Examples: carbon dioxide, benzene, oxygen, nitrogen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Covalent lattices or reticular covalent substances:<\/b>\u00a0Some substances are linked by reticular covalent bonds that have the following properties:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_10-1\" class=\"reference separada\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>High melting and boiling points.<\/li>\n<li>Under normal conditions of pressure and temperature\n<div style=\"height: 0px; width: 0px; overflow: hidden;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dentistaimplantologiaprezzi.it\/impianti-dentali-con-barra\/\">Cialis generico online a prezzo conveniente<\/a><\/div>\n<p> ra (approx. 25 \u00b0C) are solid<\/li>\n<li>They are very hard substances that are difficult to break.<\/li>\n<li>They are electrical insulators (except graphite).<\/li>\n<li>They are insoluble in both polar and non-polar substances.<\/li>\n<li>Examples: quartz, diamond.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>EXAMPLES OF COVALENT BONDS<\/h2>\n<p>Water molecule (H2O), Ammonia (NH3), H2 (dihydrogen gas), O2 (oxygen gas), Cl2 (chlorine gas), Br2 (elemental bromine), N2 (nitrogen gas), CH4 (methane), C2H6 (ethane), S8 (rhombic sulphur), P4 (white phosphorus) and NF3 (nitrogen fluoride).<\/p>\n<h2>MORE INFORMATION THAT MAY BE OF INTEREST TO YOU<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlaces-quimicos\/\">Chemical bonds<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlace-ionico\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlace-covalente\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlace-metalico\/\">Metal Link<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond that occurs between 2 atoms when they share electrons to complete the last level. To understand chemical bonds, it is necessary to know how electrons are distributed around the atom, or the octet rule. The octet rule determines that the ions of the chemical elements have the tendency to [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Enlace Covalente<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Un enlace covalente es el enlace qu\u00edmico que se da entre 2 \u00e1tomos cuando se produce una compartici\u00f3n de electrones para completar el \u00faltimo nivel.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlace-covalente\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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nivel.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlace-covalente\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Enlace Covalente","og_description":"Un enlace covalente es el enlace qu\u00edmico que se da entre 2 \u00e1tomos cuando se produce una compartici\u00f3n de electrones para completar el \u00faltimo nivel.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/en\/enlace-covalente\/","og_site_name":"Experimentos Cient\u00edficos","article_modified_time":"2018-11-16T15:46:42+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.experimentoscientificos.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/enlace-covalente-oxigeno-300x190.jpg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"4 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